2. Individual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

2. Individual Report - Coursework Example With its advanced technology it is used by many consumers since it fits their needs. Moreover, the report gives a clear view of how the Sony products make an impact in the market, the strategy that can make Sony more lucrative, the brand loyalty of the camera and the importance of customer satisfaction. The main aim of the report is to understand the Sony camera as a brand and the consumer fulfilment with its products. Understanding of the product gives better decision making for both the company and the users of its products. Therefore, the report’s aim is to deduce the value of both the camera’s impact as a brand and the approval by its users There are several objectives in this report that span from defining Sony camera brand, making a strategy for Sony camera, research the brand loyalty, analysis and evaluation of Sony camera brand equity and importance of customer satisfaction. To amaze its customers, Sony merges the excellent knowledge with its innovative technology. Sony is known for producing great audio-visual technology by its virtue of leading edge technology. Sony has always maintained its vision through offering modern technology and digital concepts while working together with the consumers. By doing so, the company stands to sell excellence to its users. Moreover, their consistency and dedication toward service moves the company closer to the customers. The company boasts the only camera without a mirror-less system. The superior nature of the company in audio- visual technology gives the company a better edge in the market. The production of this type of mirror-less camera opens a new dawn for camera technology having being a dream in the preceding years. Despite the fact that Sony has built its name in the entire electronics industry, their camera house is a home to a range of cameras. Moreover, the company is recognised for its reliability

Positive Relationship with Children Essay Example for Free

Positive Relationship with Children Essay 1.1. Positive relationships with children and young people are important because when children feel comfortable they separate more easily from their parents, and are more likely to participate in activities if they secure emotionally. Also when children have positive relationships they are less likely to show unwanted behaviour as we can recognise and meet their individual needs. Childrens language will also develop more quickly due to being confident to talk to us. Us as practitioners can also plan more accurately as we’ll understand childrens development and we will know their individual interests. It is also important as we will be able to respond to a Childs emotions due to their facial expressions and the way they are acting when we know them and have a bond with them. We also have to remember that we are to build professional relationships. The principles of relationship building and to keep them maintained are communicating effectively, identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements, being consistent and fair, showing respect and courtesy, valuing and respecting individuality, keeping promises and honouring commitments, monitoring impact of own behaviour on others, keeping confidentiality as appropriate and recognising and responding appropriately to the power base underpinning relationships. 1.2. Observation 1.3. My own effectiveness in building relationships with children or young people is that when you get to know each child individually i feel more comfortable, because i know they feel comfortable due to them knowing me and respecting them. I involve all the children in my activities no matter what the age gap unless the activitiy is un suiteable for that age group. I ensure in myself that i treat each child in the same way, as no child has higher priority than the other they all get treated fairly. I also feel like i have achieved building relationships with the children when you see them after a weekend or the next day because they smile and are excited to come to nursery again. 2.1. Positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are important. Other people involved other than their family are organisational managers, carers, other visitors, colleagues from other agencies and services, external partners, official visitors, and colleagues. If we do not have positive relationships with these people involved in the childrens lives that attend nursery there is danger that information might be passed un –accurately and that it is withheld because we may not be trusted. It is important that we all work together to build trust with everyone and the benefits the child will get if we do so are children are given consistent care, childrens needs and interests are identified, plans for childrens care and education are more effective, childrens welfare can be properly monitored, and skills and ideas can be shared quickly between adults.

History of Climate Records and Climate Change in Mexico City Essay exam

History of Climate Records and Climate Change in Mexico City Mexico City lies in the Basin of Mexico, and has been one of the most densely-populated areas of the world for thousands of years[1]. Consequently, it serves as a prime area for exploration of human impacts on climate and climate change. Mountains surround the Basin of Mexico on three sides; when the Spanish conquered the basin in 1519, it contained five lakes that connected during times of abundant precipitation. The lakes were drained as modern Mexico City expanded and today the majority of the basin is covered with human structures and concrete roads (Kasperson et al, 1995). With latitude 19 degrees and an elevation of 2250m, Mexico City has a temperate climate year-round. Summer brings intense convective rains caused by the unstable air and moist conditions of the prevailing trade winds (Juaregei, 1997). An abundance of historical data has the power to tell us whether the climate has always been this way, or if manÕs overbearing presence in the Basin of Mexico has had real effects on the areaÕs climate. Source: www.holyartworks.com Lake Texcoco, the site of modern Mexico City, during the time of Aztec rule (around 1500) Although the area that Mexico City now occupies has was settled by man over 6,000 years ago, regular reports of temperature and rainfall were not collected until 1826. The Mexico City newspaper, El Sol, was the publication that first made regular weather reports available (OÕHara and Metcalfe, 1995). More widespread collection of weather data was taken beginning in the 1870Õs through the newly-establish Meteorological Observatory, which introduced meteorological stations throughout the country, but civil unrest later on... ...ents. Eds. Jeanne X. Kasperson, Rogr E. Kasperson, and B.L. Truner II. New York: United Nations University Press, 1995. Juaregei, Ernesto. ÒClimate Changes in Mexico During the Historical and Instrumented Periods.Ó Quarternary International. Vol. 43/44. (1997): 7-17. Juaregei, Ernesto. ÒHeat Island Development in Mexico City.Ó Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 31, No.22. (1997): 3821-3831. Metcalfe, Sarah E. ÒHistoical Data and Climatic Change in Mexico: A Review.Ó The Geographical Journal. Vol. 153, No. 2. (1987): 211-222. OÕHara, Sarah L., and Sarah E. Metcalfe. ÒThe Climate of Mexico Since the Aztec Period.Ó Quarternary International. Vol. 43/44. (1997): 25-31. OÕHara, Sarah L., and Sarah E. Metcalfe. ÒReconstructing the Climate of Mexico from Historical Records.Ó The Holocene. Vol. 5, No. 4. (1995): 485-490.

Caribbean Literature Essay

The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers – France, Britain, Spain and Holland – whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the region’s language and cultural diversity develop from the mixture of European languages with Native American languages (mainly the Caribs and Arawaks) in the formation of creoles and local patois (hybrid languages) and those of Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves, not withstanding the contributions of Asians mainly from India and China, and Middle Easterners. The fabric of Caribbean Literature is woven with the historical issues of enslavement and forced migration, the related themes of home and exile, and colonialism and decolonization. The social and cultural themes of tradition, landscape, culture and community are also encompassed by Caribbean Literature. It also addresses such universal questions as identity, sexuality, family life, pain, joy, and the uses of the imagination. It is virtually impossible to keep Caribbean Literature only within the confines of writings produced within the Caribbean Islands. Caribbean Literature also transcends the borders of Central and South America extending to the shores of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana; and coastal areas of Colombia, Nicaragua, Belize and Honduras. Evidence of aspects of Caribbean Literature can also be seen in literary works produced in various areas of the USA including Miami and New Orleans. Works of Caribbean Literature have also been produced by people of Caribbean ancestry who live primarily in Europe and major urban centers of the United States. ORAL LITERATURE Oral literature can be considered as the earliest form of Caribbean Literature consisting mainly of rich folk- tale traditions, legends and  myths, songs and poetry. Today this legacy is resplendent in popular music such as the CALYPSO, the Cuban SON, and the Puerto Rican BOMBA; in the traditions of storytelling originating out of West Africa and India; and in supernatural tales from African religions, including SANTERIA, LUCUMI,VODUN (vodoo), and SHANGO. Proverbs, riddles, and sayings that reinterpret African, European, and East Indian traditions are also most prominent in Caribbean literature. Among these are Anancy (a cunning spider) stories; animal dilema tales, which typically teach a moral lesson; stories of village life or evil women; tall tales; and rhetorical flourishes, such as boasting, toasts, and speeches. PRE AND POST INDEPENDENCE LITERARY WORKS Autobiography and poetry were the most prevalent literary works from the 16th century to the mid – 19th century. In these works were introduced themes that became common in Caribbean literature; exile, migration, displacement and questions of identity. The history of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave, (Related by Herself), is the most prominent of these writings in English. Early Caribbean writings in Spanish saw that of the autobiography of the slave Juan Francisco Manzano of Cuba in the 1820’s and 1830’s, Jose Maria Herida Placido ( a slave who was executed in1844 for his role in a slave uprising) and the Cuban anthropologist Miguel Barnet. Max Urena of the Dominican Republic produced nationalist works in the 19th century. The French speaking Caribbean saw works by Emeric Bergeaud and Desmevar Delorme. Distinct national literary traditions began in the 20thcentury because few Caribbean countries gained their independence before this period. Twentieth century Caribbean literature can be divided into three periods: the first thirty years during colonial rule; the years just prior to independence between the 1940’s and 1960’s or later, and the period after independence. During the fledgling years (1930’s) a movement celebrating African culture and values rose to prominence. The movement originated in France and was called NEGRITUDE. However, its founders include Leon Gontran Damas of French Guiana and Aime Cesaire of Martinique. Rene Maran of Martinique won the Prix Goncourt (a French literary prize) with the novel Batouala (1921) which called for identification with black culture. In the Spanish – speaking Caribbean African themes were presented in a most exotic manner, highlighting African and black identity for artistic inspiration. Prominent writers in this movement include Luis Pales Matos from Puerto Rico and Emillo Ballagas from Cuba. The works of Cuban poet Nicolas Guillen from the 1930’s share sentiments with the politics of NEGRITUDE and address issues surrounding the struggle against colonialism. Alejo Carpentier, also of Cuba, achieved recognition with his novels in which he explores the history and sources of Caribbean culture. The English – speaking Caribbean abounds with prominent writers including Jamaican novelist Tom Redcam (Thomas Macdermot), Claude Mckay, Jamaican born poet, and perhaps the best known writer of this generation internationally. Mckay later became one of the leading writers of Harlem Renaissance, a flowering black culture in New York in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Other writers who rose to prominence during this period are C. L. R. James of Trinidad, whose works protest against colonialism and help to define the anticolonial political and cultural struggles of his time. He was also instrumental in the formation of the literary magazines Trinidad (founded 1929) and the Beacon founded (1931); these publications were instrumental in the development of a Caribbean literary tradition. Alfred Mendes and Ralph de Boissiere (Trinidadians) both contributed articles and poetry to the magazines. PRE – INDEPENDENCE RENAISSANCE This period saw the emergence of a generation of writers whose works sought after liberation and presented a distinctive portrait of Caribbean culture. The Jamaican Vic Reid, looks forward to a â€Å"new day† of independence with his novel New Day (1949); the displaced, downtrodden, urban population of the Caribbean is portrayed by Roger Mais also of Jamaica. He also experiments with jazz rhythms in his language, while Una Mason, a Jamaican poet uses blues rhythm in her poetry collections. A vivid portrait of Guyana’s countryside and society is presented by Edgar Mittleholzer in his novel A Morning At The Office (1950). On the other hand, one of the first and most important Caribbean works dealing with childhood and coming of age in a colonial context was produced by George Lamming, from Barbados, in the novel â€Å"In The Castle Of My Skin† (1953). This novel focuses on the struggles of three young boys with poverty, a colonial education, social change and the forging of an identity; hovering in the background is the promise of migration to the metropolitan centers. The mythology of Native Americans and Africans is emphasized in Wilson Harris’s novel Palace of the Peacock (1960), while Martin Carter’s Poems of Resistance seek liberation from colonial rule. During this period a number of female writers were also very active. Beryl Gilroy of Guyana wrote novels, children’s stories, and an autobiography. Sylvia Wynter of Jamaica incorporates elements of folk culture into her work. From Dominica, Phyllis Shand Allfrey won recognition for her analysis of colonial power in her work, while Jean Rhys received critical acclaim for novels about women caught in situations they are unable to change. POST INDEPENDENCE This period saw the emergence of poets from the English – speaking Caribbean; Derek Walcott from Saint Lucia is perhaps the best-known Caribbean writer internationally. In 1992 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In addition to poetry, Walcott is well known as a playwright. At the same time Eduard Kamau Brathwaite challenged the formal structures of European poetry by adopting the rhythms, references, and language of the African and Afro- Caribbean traditions. Brathwaite broadened the possible use of language in his works for a number of subsequent writers, including Jamaican oral poets Mutabaruka, Linton Quesi Johnson, and John Binta Breeze. Earl Lovelace and V. S. Naipaul count among other noted English – language writers born in Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul received recognition for novels that focus on East Indians living in the Caribbean. Lovelace whose works won a Commonwealth prize wrote on issues of poverty, education, and village life. The French – speaking Caribbean saw prominent contemporary writers in Daniel Maxim of Guadeloupe and Edouard Glissant and Patrick Chamoiseau of Martinique. Chamoiseau explores issues of black identity, and creole cultural identity. The latter was produced along with Jean Bernabe and Rafael Confiant. Chamoiseau won the Pri Goncourt for his novel Texaco (1929). Noted female writers are Maryse Conde of Guadeloupe who is considered a significant voice among female writers, having won several French prizes for her literary work. Simone Schwarz -Bart, also of Guadeloupe, writes of the search for identity while Nancy Morejon of Cuba is recognized as a leading poetic voice. Her collection entitled Cuaderno de Granada 1984 (Grenada Notebook, 1984) honors those who participated in Grenada’s socialist revolution in 1983. Caribbean writers have impacted greatly on the international arena and have gained worldwide recognition for their numerous works. Literary critics are also recognizing the Caribbean roots of some African American writers who are explicit about their Caribbean parentage

Social Class Importance

How important do you think social class is in An Inspector Calls and how does Priestly present ideas about social class? Throughout the play the theme of social class is shown through all of the characters and enables the audience to see the The theme of social class is most apparent through the character of Arthur Birling, his ignorant and selfish personality has evidently been very much shaped by the money and success which he has attained through his role as the town mayor.However although Arthur Birling’s earlier life are not mentioned in the play it is evident to the audience that Mr. Birling is not a member of the higher class because of his family, but solely by his work and the money he has received. This is shown as Mr Birling finds himself being corrected by his wife, his social superior.When Mr Birling requests that the cook is to be thanked for the meal Mrs Birling almost immediately responds â€Å"Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things†, the fact that Mr Birling has to be corrected by his wife about the way he acts and speaks almost mirrors the relationship bet ween a mother and child as though Mrs Birling is teaching Mr Birling the correct way to act as a member of a higher class, magnifying the fact that Mr Birling evidently wasn’t taught these as a child again showing his true social standing. The theme of social class is also shown through the character of Sheila.Sheila is a character whom takes advantage of the social standing which she holds and thinks because of this that she holds power over others. This is shown in Act One when she recalls being in a â€Å"furious temper† when she was in the department store Millwards where she is a frequent customer, she informs the inspector of the scene where she apparently saw Eva Smith smiling when Sheila tried on a dress. Sheila then takes advantage of the social standing which she hold and orders the store to dismiss the girl or she would â€Å"persuade mother to close [their] account with them†.The fact that the social class that the characters are presented with cause s them to make arrogant and selfish decisions is important throughout the play as it allows the audience to feel no sympathy towards the Birling’s and also allows the audience to see the division between different members of the family and the changes that they make. Mrs Birling is the social superior to the rest of the Birling family and often finds herself correcting the rest of the family members.However, she is also seen by the audience as very similar to the rest of the family as her ignorant and selfish persona shows through, when he is made aware of the death of Eva Smith/Daisy Renton, instead of showing remorse or sadness she refers to Eva/Daisy as â€Å"that girl† revealing Mrs Birling’s selfish and arrogant characteristics, the use of social class here is important as it shows the clear difference between the elder and younger generations where she is called â€Å"that† girl by an elder member of the family but â€Å"poor girl† by Sheila, a younger member showing how the behaviour of the family differs through the ages of the family.

Imran Khan Essays

Imran Khan Essays Imran Khan Essay Imran Khan Essay Imran Khan was born on the fifth of November 1952 in Lahore. His father, Ikramullah Khan Niazi was an engineer by profession. His family was most accurately described as upper-middle class, and comfortably off rather than rich. Eight of Imrans numerous cousins who grew up in his home suburb of Lahore, Zaman Park, became first class cricketers. Among them are Javed Burki and Majid Khan, both of whom preceded Imran in going to Oxford and captaining Pakistan. Imran started playing cricket at the age of thirteen and was inspired by his cousins . He completed school n Lahore and then moved on to England for higher studies at Oxford. He completed his education at Oxford. He initially played cricket for his college and later represented the English county Worcester at the first class level. He made his debut for Pakistan during the 1972 England series when he was eighteen and then went on to become a major force in world cricket. Imran Khan was a fine fast bowler and inspirational captain whose crowning achievement was leading Pakistan in winning the 1992 World Cup. A genuine all-rounder he consistently made useful contributions with the bat in all forms of cricket. Imran was also a bowler capable of producing enormous swing due to his somewhat unique action. He could also produce deadly bouncers, which terrorized batsmen all over the world. As a fast bowler Imran traded bouncer for bouncer with particularly the West Indians and any side that he felt had a weakness against short-pitched bowling. In the mid-70s, a bouncer from Andy Roberts, a tailender to whom Imran had bowled too many bouncers, almost killed him. It is often said that fast bowlers hunt in pairs. Imran had developed a patnership with Sarfaraz Nawaz in his early days and then combined with Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis to take Pakistan to the top. A determined and committed individual, Imran bowled fast up until his retirement at the age of 39, an exceptionally long career for a fast bowler. Imran Khan is still the highest wicket taker for Pakistan in Test matches with a career haul of 362 wickets. Imran Khan was a batsman with a tremendous hard-hitting ability. He would often come in to bat in the slog overs and would increase the run-rate with the help of some aggressive batting. Imran had a liking for the slow bowlers and was particularly severe on the spinners, often hitting them out of the ground for sixes. He was a stylish hard-hitting batsman generally orthodox in his approach, but an effective improviser when conditions demanded . His most memorable batting performance was in the final of the World Cup when he scored 73 valuable runs against a strong English attack. For a bowler to take 362 wickets and then to score runs at an average of 37. 69, add to that the burden of captaincy, is Just a remarkable achievement . Imran Khan is regarded as the greatest all-rounder cricket has ever produced. From the late 70s to the early 90s, four all-rounders bulked large on the international ricket scene. Imran Khan, Ian Botham, Kapil Dev and Richard Hadlee vied, during all that time, for the title of the worlds finest all-rounder. Statistically their achievements are remarkable. The four are the only players to have achieved the exciting match-dominating fgures, and each played decisive hands to win tests for his country. By examining their career averages, it should be recognized that Imran had the best career batting average of the four as far as Test cricket is concerned, while his bowling average was second to Richard Hadlees by only a very small margin. And when the four all-rounders are compared with each other generally, Imran comes out the best of all. And this is an assessment with which at least one of Imrans rivals, Richard Hadlee, agrees. In his 1989 book, Rhythm and Swing, the New Zealander confidently tags him: The Best of the Age . Following a revolt by some of the senior members in the team, Imran was made captain for the tour of England in 1982. As a sportsman, Imran is best remembered primarily for his leadership. Pakistan has long been one of the most troublesome sides to captain. But Pakistan got the Just the right captain in Imran. Gradually during his term, Imran became the most influential figure in Pakistans cricket setup. His success as captain owed largely to his own match-winning performances. When Pakistan started off badly at the 1992 World Cup and at a stage were completely out of contention for the title, Imran told his players to fght like cornered tigers and they did. Imran led Pakistan to a well-deserved World Cup victory at Melbourne. This was surely Imrans greatest moment as a cricketer. Imran oversaw Pakistans emergence and maturing as a force in world cricket and was responsible for the nurturing of the ext generation of Pakistani players most notably Saeed Anwar, Wasim Akram, Waqar Younis and Inzamam-Ul-Haq. Imran is the most successful Pakistani Captain to date . Imran was victimized by a shoulder injury throughout his career which had prompted him to retire in 1988. But he came out of retirement for a number of reasons. The most important reason, which lured Imran out of retirement, was the cancer hospital appeal. The appeal evidently needed him to remain in the public eye. But the very apex of Pakistans autocratic society provided the impetus for him to return. The State President, General Zia-Ul-Haq, himself. It was at a dinner, hosted by the President in honor of the sides successes in India and England that the President made his public appeal to Imran to make a return to cricket. After presenting the players with gold medals, he praised Imrans decision to retire while at his peak, but added: A sportsman is like a soldier who is always ready to help his country. Imran was left with little choice than to respond: I am always ready to serve the nation and the game. In September 1992, shortly before his fortieth birthday, Imran announced his retirement from all cricket. Imran had taken six months to take the decision. The reason for taking the time was that he wanted to be doubly sure of retirement to avoid facing the embarrassment of a second comeback. The most painful decision that he took as captain was to drop his cousin, Majid Khan, who was also his childhood hero. His most satisfying moments were beating India in India, Pakistans performances against the West Indies in 1988 and winning the World Cup. The lowest point was when, after taking 87 wickets in 18 Tests, he developed his stress time, Michael Holding as the fastest and Ian Chapel as the finest captain. Imrans criterion was value to the side in time of need rather than skill alone. Statistically Imrans achievements were remarkable both as a batsman and a bowler. He is one of the only four cricketers to have achieved the feat of scoring 3000 runs and 300 wickets in Test cricket. Imran Khan played 88 Test matches for Pakistan and scored 3807 runs at an average of 37. 69, he also took 362 wickets. And in 175 one-day internationals he has scored 3709 runs at an average of 33. 1 and has taken 182 wickets. Imran led Pakistan in 47 Test matches and 139 one-day internationals with 4 Test match victories and 75 one-day international victories, which makes him the most successful Pakistani Captain to date . Imran Khan had always been very close to his mother and had enjoyed her support. In 1984, Imrans mother, Shaukat Khanum became ill to such an extent that once properly diagnosed, she was almost inoperable. She suffered from cancer, which was known to be a rich mans disease in Pakistan in that only well off people could afford to fly to Europe to receive the treatment. Inspite of flying to Cromwell Hospital in 1984, Shaukat Khanum died the following year in acute pain. Imran was by her side during her last days when she suffered terribly. He felt her pain but could not do anything for her. Imrans career was thus determined. When he retired from cricket he would build the first cancer hospital in Pakistan in honor of his mother. His mothers death and his own serious injury made Imran appreciate Just how precarious was the existence he had taken for granted. He was at his peak as a cricketer only to be told that he would not play again. His mother, a constantly reassuring presence in his life, suddenly was dying. He reassured his values and sense of direction. His visits to hospitals in Pakistan where he would see three or four children suffering from cancer having to share a bed and uneducated people unable to afford basic medicine, made him appreciate how desperately the poor needed specialist cancer treatment. He then vowed to raise five million pounds to build and equip a hospital in Lahore, his home city. Since Imran retired in 1992, his study of the Quran has supplanted his assimilation of cricket. He prays everyday and punctuates his conversation with quotations from the Quran, which he feels, encompasses the wisdom of the Bible and Torah and is a ractical guide to life. His belief in fate that his life was being shaped for him strengthened his faith, which had wavered after his mothers death. He had long believed in adhering to the guidelines of the Quran as he was best able to do. It was not practical for him to attempt to pray five times a day when he was playing cricket but he would say prayers every morning on a mat facing Mecca when his belief in God had returned. His study of the Quran satisfied a desire for knowledge that could no longer be stated by textbooks of cricket. Imrans sudden awakening to the realities of life did not happen overnight. Watching his mother, die slowly of cancer made him stop and see where his life was going. He explains that it was a gradual awakening His fundraising and his faith were interfluent, although he would not improve either on anyone else. During Imrans cricketing days the likelihood was that he would not marry. Though he dated a string of glamorous women in London. Imran said that by not marrying he was being saved for something that should not be constrained by marriage. As the years went by, an arranged marriage became increasingly improbable in Pakistan as most girls were married at a very young age. It surprised and shocked his friends and countrymen when Imran announced his marriage with Jemima Goldsmith, the 21 -year-old daughter of British tycoon, Sir James Goldsmith. Imran married Jemima Goldsmith in a Muslim ceremony on May 16th 1995 in Paris, France, then in a civil ceremony in Richmond on June 21st. Before Marriage Jemima converted to Islam and was renamed Haiqa. They live part of the year in Lahore, Jemima visiting London often. In June 1996, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. Jemima gave birth to a baby boy, named Suleiman Isa on 8th November 1996, in London. After deciding to set up a cancer hospital in memory of his mother, Imran Khan decided that he had to work extremely hard to succeed in his mission. Imran was forced to come out of retirement in 1988 because of the cancer hospital project. His friends and relatives insisted that he wont be able to achieve his goal without playing an active and significant role in cricket. He had vowed to raise five million pounds to build and equip the hospital in Lahore. Even though the Government of Pakistan donated twenty acres of land on the outskirts of Lahore, it was to become pparent that five million pounds would cover only the initial phase. When eventually the construction was complete and the equipments installed, the running costs would be such that Imran would be shackled to the project for the rest of his life. Inspite of knowing the difficulties he would have to face, Imran did not turn back. The World Cup victory in 1992 went a long way in fulfilling Imrans dream project. Pakistan had to win the World Cup if Imrans appeal was not to collapse. Imran had worked very hard to win the Cup. In the run up to the World Cup Imran used to work ut Pakistans best side and the strengths and weakness of the others. On the journey home from Australia, Imrans team stopped at Singapore for a reception given by the Pakistani Ambassador. A cheque was handed over for money raised by the Asian community in that area. Imran had given his own prize money from the World Cup, 85,000 pounds, to the appeal. By the following year he had donated 200,000 pounds, the extra contribution coming from his shares at Wall Street. His was the single largest private donation. He had also invested in a supermarket in Lahore and pledged that a proportion of the profits would go to the appeal. It had taken more than two years to raise the first one and a half million pounds; in the six weeks immediately after the World Cup the same amount was raised. After years of hard work and the collection of money worldwide, the time had come to turn Imrans dream project into reality. He had received tremendous support from the people of Pakistan who had always seen him as a hero. The Shaukat Khanum more than anything in this world. Today the hospital runs on charity, without any assistance or aid from government organizations and with Imran being the largest contributor to the funds . Imran soon began to emerge as a public figure in Pakistan and began to face continuous problems and harassment at the hands of government officials. From leading the Pakistan team, to waging a personal crusade against cancer and the substandard education system in Pakistan, Imran always fought from the front and in the process won million of hearts. Even today thousands worship him and are playing an important role in ensuring the smooth functioning of the hospital in Lahore. The lively cricketer had been around the country giving fiery speeches like a politician rather than a former cricketer raising funds for his project. The politicians began to see him as their possible rival. Imran was banned from appearing on Pakistan Television for his call to raise money. He wasnt given free tickets by the national carrier of Pakistan, PIA, which other airlines offered . Imran began to see a conspiracy framed against him and felt the urgent need to reform the society. After the success of Imrans hospital there was wide speculation from the media that Imran would soon be entering politics. Imran had never thought of entering politics during his cricketing days. General Zia-Ul-Haq, the late President of Pakistan and a lose friend of Imran, had offered Imran a post in his government days before his death, but Imran had declined the offer. He had declined a further offer of a cabinet position in 1993 from Pakistans interim government. After his experience of collecting funds, where he had direct interaction with the poorest and learnt of their grievances, Imran decided that there was the need for a revolution. Imran wanted to save Pakistan, which is one of the most corrupt nations in the world, from disaster. He wanted to serve the people who had given him fame and respect. He wanted to change the system for the better. Imran Khan had no previous experience in politics except when he had accepted an unpaid position as Ambassador of Tourism during the 1993 interim government . At the time of his appointment there were riots in Pakistan, and the country was not a tourist destination. As Ambassador of Tourism, he planned to attend functions, to write books or documentaries promoting Pakistan and to bring out influential visitors two or three times a year. Imran truly believed that Pakistan had considerable potential. Although through his fame the hospital was a tourist attraction itself, Imran was aware that Pakistan would never attract mass tourism. He felt that Pakistan had bad publicity abroad because it was branded with Muslim fundamentalism and a military dictatorship that leads people to think of suppression. He also expressed that Pakistanis love tourists, but there was always this fear of Islam which was always portrayed as an evil religion. In April 1996, Imran launched the Pakistan Tehrik-e-lnsaaf, which was Just a movement against the corrupt. In November 1996 Imran Khan, who had never voted in his life, Joined politics and announced that his party would contest the general lawyers, doctors and other well-educated people who had no previous experience in politics . The main aim of his party was to fght the evil of corruption from society. He started campaigning for the elections and worked almost 18 hours a day. Imrans rivals started campaigning against him and indicated a Zionist hand behind his movement, as his father-in-law was a Jew. Furthermore, as a celebrity bachelor in London, Imran had affairs with A number of women, one of them, Sita White, claimed that Imran is the father of her four-year-old daughter. Imran has admitted the affair but says that he is not the father. This allegation proved to be a major setback to Imrans campaign, although the allegation wasnt proved. The general elections in Pakistan were held on the 3rd of February 1997 in which Tehrik-e-lnsaaf failed to win a single seat. His party, which was projected as a third force in Pakistan, was completely wiped out in the elections. Imran had contested from nine seats. In seven constituencies, he lost his security deposit by securing less than ten percent of the votes of the winning candidates. Imran said that a low turnout of voters was the main reason of his defeat. He also said that he got very little time to prepare for the elections as Tehrik-e-lnsaaf was formed only four months before the elections. But Imran was successful in raising issues like corruption and accountability. There can be little doubt that the long and painful journey he undertook to turn his hospital project in reality was testimony to his social and humane commitment. He has been criticized for being over zealous about the project, he has been accused of exploiting his star status, his connections, and even the game itself for achieving his goal. I would like to know, if there is, another instance in human history where a single human being, a sportsman at that, who has staked his fame, fortune and future on such a humanitarian project. Five hundred years of bloody tribal feuds merge in this deeply proud Pathan whose genes, more than the knowledge he assimilated in England, made him the cricketer he was. The red mists that clouded his eyes when he was hit for four made him only want to bowl the next ball faster because Pathans are an avenging race. Imran was always a controversial fgure, always a man who gave rise to a hot debate on account of his strong conviction and hard line views. The bottom line was always the honesty, commitment and conviction with which he played cricket and it was by his conviction alone that he won over many to his point of view.

Temperature, Light Intensity, and Photosynthesis essays

Temperature, Light Intensity, and Photosynthesis essays This experiment gives an insightful look into the effects temperature, and light intensity has on the rate of photosynthesis of a C3 plant. An experiment carried out to measure this proved wrong the general scientific believe that rate of photosynthesis of C3 plants is faster when closer to source of light and at room temperature, but concurs with the notion that photosynthesis occurred slower when the plant is farther away from source of light, and when at a high, or low temperature. Since it was noted that the inability of the experiment to fully support the general scientific notion might be due to some error or irregular changes in the experimental procedure, further experiment to fully support the hypothesis was proposed. This work also noted the relevance of photosynthesis in human's daily life. The impact of temperature and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis cannot be overlooked in the field of science. It is believed that temperature exerts a great impact in plants life. According to Herbert (2006), "it is the abiotic factor that most influences the geographical distribution of plants and their seasonal patterns of growth" (Pg. 1). Also, chlorophyll A It is also noted that the structure of spinach leaf, which is a C3 plant, "allows gases to be stored in the air sacs that are created by the spongy mesophyll layer of cells" (Dalton, 2010, Pg. 254) A research carried out earlier by Govindjee et al (2008) shows that "the enzyme rubisco (RuBp) that incorporates CO2 to fix carbon also...

How to Become a Technical Support Engineer

How to Become a Technical Support Engineer With almost every industry and company going as digital as possible these days, technical problem solvers are in high perpetual demand. This is where professionals like technical support engineers come in. What Does a Technical Support Engineer Do?Technical support engineers (sometimes also called information technology/IT technical support engineers) serve as tech gurus for a company. They might work with external users (like customers or clients) or internal users (like employees). IT technical support engineers use their expertise about various tech and computer systems to help troubleshoot issues, or maintain day-to-day operations. Their tasks may include:Designing computer systems to meet particular needs for a companyProviding support for customers or clients in person, via phone, or via computerProviding support for employees in person, via phone, or via computerMonitoring day-to-day performance of tech systemsTraining people how to use various systemsDiagnosing and troublesho oting tech problemsHelping companies implement new hardware or software systemsTechnical support engineers can be found virtually anywhere there is tech. These professionals can work in any industry, as there are jobs available in both the private and public sectors.What Skills Do Technical Support Engineers Have?Technical support engineers need to have strong tech backgrounds, of course, but they’ll also need a diverse skill set to find a job along that career path- a mix of hard and soft skills.Tech SkillsTechnical support engineers need a strong set of hard tech skills, and a strong basis in current technology. Depending on the job itself, they may need to have hands-on experience with specific kinds of hardware, software, applications, and systems.Customer ServiceThis role is a service job, no matter whether an engineer is working with colleagues at his or her company, or actual customers or clients. A strong sense of customer service is a major asset, as the engineer wil l be helping and coaching people of varying tech expertise, and helping make sure their technology is running as it should. Patience is a major asset here.CommunicationPart of the technical support engineer’s job is breaking down complex technological concepts so that they can be understood by a lay person who may be using the technology without understanding the sophisticated logic and engineering behind it. Being comfortable with translating concepts for different audiences, being able to present information clearly and articulately, and feeling comfortable with back-and-forth conversations are all essential to the role. Listening skills are also very important here, given that the technical support engineer often needs to diagnose what’s wrong, and how to fix it.Problem SolvingTechnical support engineers are, by nature, problem solvers. They help others use technology to do work more efficiently, and they ensure that the technology is working correctly. Companies de pend on their technical support team to come up with solutions to make sure that everything is running smoothly, tech-wise. That can mean coming up with creative solutions to tricky problems on the fly, as well as implementing best practices overall to ensure that problems won’t recur.FlexibilityTech problems don’t just happen from 9 to 5 on non-holiday weekdays. Technical support engineers may be on call at odd times, or be called in when there’s a crisis, regardless of time. If you’re not open to an â€Å"all hands on deck† situation when it comes to your hours, this might not be the best tech job for you.Tech-SavvinessThis may seem like a no-brainer, but it’s crucial to be up on the current technology and methods. The hot apps and systems a year ago might not be the best option now, and companies typically want their tech support team to be as current as possible on tech trends and processes. Being a quick, adaptable learner when it comes to new tech is key for a technical support engineer.Project ManagementThe technical support engineer may be called upon to manage larger projects, like making system changes or implementing new hardware/software. This means having the management and organizational skills to shepherd a project from start to finish, involving the necessary people, sticking to a schedule, and (if applicable) staying on budget. [via Pinterest/ProSyn]What Education Do Technical Support Engineers Need?While the basic education requirements can vary depending on the industry and the company, a technical support engineer typically needs a four-year degree in engineering, computer science, or a similar technical discipline. Experience may be able to trump a degree in some circumstances, but a two-year degree in information technology, computer science, or computer engineering is a bare minimum.How Much Do Technical Support Engineers Get Paid?This can be a pretty lucrative field, if you have the skills to go for it. According to PayScale, the median salary for a technical support engineer is $60,674 per year. This can vary according to experience and location, as well as areas of specialty and expertise.What’s the Outlook for Technical Support Engineers?This is a field that will continue to grow for the foreseeable future, as technology grows ever more sophisticated, and companies need qualified professionals to support it. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the field will grow by at least 12% by 2024, faster than average for all jobs.If you have strong tech skills and a passion for helping people solve problems, this can be a great career path for you. As a technical support engineer, you’ll never run out of challenges, and it’s a path that will keep you right on the cutting edge.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example My understanding of insurance and reinsurance companies, pension, stock exchanges, leasing and lending companies was also increased. In addition, marketing knowledge enable me to know different ways that I can use to create value, and not just products. In addition to the above lessons, at the end of the chapter I appreciated the role of technology which has shaped marketing and in the end, affected the financial service delivery positively. This happened because the marketers identified essential issues like the product element, place and time, process and productivity and quality. I also learned on the financial service environment. I learnt three main lessons; first I developed knowledge on essential external influences that affect the financial services. These include global financial crisis like high risk lending and US led systematic disaster (Madura, 2010, 31). Second, I learnt to appreciate the roles of the environment scanning in the marketing of financial services. The majo r roles include, encouraging the competitors, avoiding credit crisis, to address the externalities and protecting the investor. I learnt that these can easily be done through systematic methods that are used in the analysis of the macro environment for financial investments. The analysis can only be done on political, socio-cultural, economic and technological variables. Lastly, I gained knowledge on how to integrate a stakeholder perspective into environment scanning. This is because markets are only concerned with coming up with strategies that can ensure success in financial services. Therefore, environmental scanning is essential in establishing the most suitable place for financial investments. These lessons have enabled me to developing coping strategies and skills. For sure, I can now face predicaments and challenges wholeheartedly because I know a change in tactics will be enough to propel me through the course. I can now analyse different situations and give judgment based on the context. Lessons on the market mix and financial services were equally necessary. This is because I gained insight on the management of the customer relationship. This I realized can only be undertaken by managing people, price, product promotion and place. Thus, to the service mix, I got to know that other 4ps of process, people and physical evidence must form part. This knowledge further increased my understanding of the way financial institutions like banks win the trust of their customers. Indeed I learnt that it is only through market mix that they can promote their core and augmented services like internet banking and loans. I have increased my management and leadership skills (Madura, 2010, 35). I now know that, as a good leader, I must be a manager of myself, and a leader of people around me. I have developed strong understanding skills, and now I accept ideas and view of the significant others provided that they are consistent with my standards and values. Indeed I h ad knowledge on branding. However, I did not know how I can build and sustain financial branding. Thus, lectures on the same subject were necessary as part of my course plan. Certainly, I know appreciate how branding theory applies to the marketing of financial services. Secondly, I now appreciate the way branding contributes to the promotion of the financial service

Implementation of RfId Technology in Libraries Research Paper

Implementation of RfId Technology in Libraries - Research Paper Example In addition, the paper will look at this by identifying the benefits of this form of technology to the libraries, then go to an extent of comparing these to the benefits, and make a decision. e. Motivation The development of technology and their applications to help make work easier in modern organization has motivated this research. Libraries have significantly remained in the rear in terms of equipment used in transmitting their services to the public and for effectiveness and usefulness in the classification of lent and borrowed books; the use of this knowledge is sought. The essay will begin by a foreword after which the synopsis of the knowledge is sought and after this, we will see the benefits of this technology to the libraries and couple with this is the identification of the obstacles faced when implementing this. A conclusion in form of decision or summary will ultimately follow. Overview of RFID technology Technological advancement is something good when it comes to the i mprovement required in performance and reduction of the costs. The development of this form of technology started all the way in 1945 when the British developed a simple form of the technology to help them in the identification of the aircrafts for the enemies and theirs. Between the 1960’s, and 70’s, the system was further developed for the security and safety of nuclear material and here the equipment and the personnel got tagged (Ngai et al, 2010). In 1977 this new knowledge was made for use by the civic sector, this was suggested by a group of conglomerates, and it is at this time and by the companies that several applications of this technology were explored. Partly, the motivation behind the development of the technology was the failure by the bar code in identification. In... The essay begins by a foreword after which the synopsis of the knowledge is sought and after this, we will see the benefits of this technology to the libraries and couple with this is the identification of the obstacles faced when implementing this. A conclusion in form of decision or summary will ultimately follow. Tis article makes a a conclusion that at the click of a mouse, RFID systems have enabled book tracking, customer compliance and most importantly, the safety of library workers. With all the benefits RFID technology provides, it is no wonder most libraries in the world today are choosing to embed RFID tags in their books as well as developing their own RFID safety systems. Like many technologies today, once libraries adopt the use of RFID systems, it is often hard for them to go back to initial systems because of the current efficiency they experience. The impact of information technology advancement is currently evident in every sector and field across the world. RFID technology is becoming more pervasive in the education sector and it is widely being used in libraries and has become a boon to the field of library, especially in relation to securing and library resources, archives and materials. There is need for the development of RFID technologies and infrastructure that are less c ostly in order to enhance their use in libraries. It is evident that RFID use in libraries poses serious privacy and security implications hence their need for the development of advance security protocols and procedures.

Letter to the Editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Letter to the Editor - Essay Example In the same line, the North Miami Mayor was involved in ballot fraud prob. When will this end? We need to come together and stamp out corruption. Politically, corruption undermines democracy. The act of good governance dies off. In the election, corruption reduces accountability in representations in policymaking. Underqualified leaders in position wrongfully lead the nation to ashes. In the judiciary, corruption compromises the rule of law. Provision of inefficient services experienced results from corruption in public administration. Corruption in the economic sector affects both the private and public businesses. Starting with the private sector, it leads to an increase in the business cost in acquiring the license to start the business. In the public sector, corruption lowers the compliance in activities such as constructing and maintenance of the environment. The quality of government services and infrastructure significantly reduces. Roads built by unqualified engineers have a short life span. Later they become unworthy limiting the users significantly. Corruption accelerates environmental destruction. Forest guards are receiving bribes allowing people to cut down trees. The environment becomes threatened. Global warming accelerated endangering the survival of the human species. Food production falls increasing prices of the available food. The cost of life increase gradually. In humanitarian aid to the poor, manipulation of assessment, targets, and registration is prone. Uneven distribution of aid leaves many to sleep hungry while others remain shelter less. Support covers only those with connections. Under the table, payments have given unqualified individuals job opportunities leaving qualified individuals jobless. Corruption has made education expensive. Some people even end up buying academic certificates. Such individuals threaten the future of the nation. STOP CORRUPTION! The first step starts with you. Obey the law.

Slavery's Destructive Effect on Women Research Paper

Slavery's Destructive Effect on Women - Research Paper Example In a slave system, all suffer. Perhaps the saddest of all, it is the women who suffered the most. Slavery dehumanized black women by robbing them of the ability to fulfill their basic human needs and instincts. This paper will discuss the horrors and injustices that slave women were forced to deal with on a regular basis. Linda Brent narrates her own story as a woman who experienced slavery. Her personal story of slave life features the  embarrassment, sacrifice, and effort specific to women slaves of the nineteenth century. According to Jacobs, slavery is  awful  for men; however, it is particularly  awful  for women (2001)1. Because of slavery, families  were broken  apart. Linda had shined in  fundamental  reading and writing. This drew the attention of her master, Dr. Flint. Linda was only fifteen when her  master  started chasing her. In  revulsion  she  constantly  declined and avoided him. The representation of Flint shows the  unkind  control   character  of many southern slave proprietors, and as such, tells the  time  of a slave girl to  control  emotional and  bodily  suffering  that was plainly different from the  life  of her  typical  male equivalent. ... Sands in anticipation of him buying her independence demonstrates what disturbing limits she  was pressed  to in their life.  She  freely  surrendered her body to a man for an opportunity to be set free from oppression, and for the  expectation  that one day she  possibly  will  raise  her children without slavery (Jacobs, 2001)1.Her deeds were most  dignified  and  unselfish  in  character, but the  delivery  of her first and subsequent children  consequently  enslaved her to the needs of Dr. Flint, who might have used her children against her if she failed to comply. Her  primary  wish  was to escape with her two brothers, but she also had to think of the outcomes that her children might face because of her disobedience. According to Hine D, Hine H, and Harold, women were tortured by the slave owners, but they became enlightened and organized themselves to find a way of getting their freedom (2011)2. This was during the time in sixteent h-century Africa, when the antislavery progress and making black community organizations could be appealing to any person  concerned  with the in detail  examination  of African-American  record  as it connects to the United States  record. The mixing of the well-known and the  indefinite, male and female, North and South, slave and liberated, gives a textile that unites the fear and the  victory  of the African-American  occurrence  which assisted them to  move  away from the anguish to 2 a  position  of  curative  hope (Hine and Hine, 2011)2.The confidence  beginning  for so much of the African American  victory  might  have been covered  further  at length. Women lived with double  trouble  of  discrimination  and chauvinism, slave women in the  agricultural  estate  South presumed responsibilities in

The Implication of Theories of Activity for Management of Operation Essay

The Implication of Theories of Activity for Management of Operation - Essay Example Traditionally synthetic morphinomemetics have severe toxic side effects which rarely can become fatal. Hypotension is a characteristic of these drugs in addition to liver cirrhosis(because of high levels of toxicity) and urinary retention.Pain-free was regarded as promising because it had some advantages over other brands of morphinomimetics, namely;liver problem was considerably managed, no sign of tetramoraide syndrome was found and it’s effectiveness in obliterating pain was instant and exceptional, though hypotension could not be dealt with(and this was not conveyed to the consumers aka patients). In1993, 17% of the patients showed signs of orthostatic hypotension.1 Evidence suggested that Normoramide was the cause. A team led by Roland Peterson had worked tirelessly at eradicating the fatal liver problem but during the course of improving the drug, it was established that hypotension could not be dealt with. Pain-free indisputably was a significant breakthrough especially considering the miraculous pain relief it provided, and appeared to be potential ‘commercial blockbuster’. However, orthostatic hypertension could not be obliterated (as it was conveyed to the prospect consumers) and to this extent, it can be alleged that the company misled the consumers. In addition, the ‘innovation’ in the drug becomes questionable. The management omitted some very pertinent facts about the drug, which if they were known would have affected consumption decision of the patients. The instances of non-disclosure can be enumerated as follows. a) In 93, out of the patients tested with the drug 17% exhibited hypotension.2 The management sought an alteration of guidelines and after it was affected, these cases were written off as ‘occurrences prior to alteration† thus were disregarded.  

Slavery's Destructive Effect on Women Research Paper

Slavery's Destructive Effect on Women - Research Paper Example In a slave system, all suffer. Perhaps the saddest of all, it is the women who suffered the most. Slavery dehumanized black women by robbing them of the ability to fulfill their basic human needs and instincts. This paper will discuss the horrors and injustices that slave women were forced to deal with on a regular basis. Linda Brent narrates her own story as a woman who experienced slavery. Her personal story of slave life features the  embarrassment, sacrifice, and effort specific to women slaves of the nineteenth century. According to Jacobs, slavery is  awful  for men; however, it is particularly  awful  for women (2001)1. Because of slavery, families  were broken  apart. Linda had shined in  fundamental  reading and writing. This drew the attention of her master, Dr. Flint. Linda was only fifteen when her  master  started chasing her. In  revulsion  she  constantly  declined and avoided him. The representation of Flint shows the  unkind  control   character  of many southern slave proprietors, and as such, tells the  time  of a slave girl to  control  emotional and  bodily  suffering  that was plainly different from the  life  of her  typical  male equivalent. ... Sands in anticipation of him buying her independence demonstrates what disturbing limits she  was pressed  to in their life.  She  freely  surrendered her body to a man for an opportunity to be set free from oppression, and for the  expectation  that one day she  possibly  will  raise  her children without slavery (Jacobs, 2001)1.Her deeds were most  dignified  and  unselfish  in  character, but the  delivery  of her first and subsequent children  consequently  enslaved her to the needs of Dr. Flint, who might have used her children against her if she failed to comply. Her  primary  wish  was to escape with her two brothers, but she also had to think of the outcomes that her children might face because of her disobedience. According to Hine D, Hine H, and Harold, women were tortured by the slave owners, but they became enlightened and organized themselves to find a way of getting their freedom (2011)2. This was during the time in sixteent h-century Africa, when the antislavery progress and making black community organizations could be appealing to any person  concerned  with the in detail  examination  of African-American  record  as it connects to the United States  record. The mixing of the well-known and the  indefinite, male and female, North and South, slave and liberated, gives a textile that unites the fear and the  victory  of the African-American  occurrence  which assisted them to  move  away from the anguish to 2 a  position  of  curative  hope (Hine and Hine, 2011)2.The confidence  beginning  for so much of the African American  victory  might  have been covered  further  at length. Women lived with double  trouble  of  discrimination  and chauvinism, slave women in the  agricultural  estate  South presumed responsibilities in

Critically discuss the use of standard deviation as a risk indicator Essay - 1

Critically discuss the use of standard deviation as a risk indicator for investment purposes - Essay Example A greater standard deviation implies a greater volatility. More the volatility, more the risk. Generally, high risk is associated with high returns and high losses. Therefore, a fund with higher average returns and lower volatility is the most preferred option. However, such an ideal situation rarely materializes and the investors have to strike a balance between returns and risk due to volatility. Standard deviation acts as a useful tool in achieving this balance. Standard deviation is not a failsafe method for risk measurement. Standard deviation has an inherent limitation that it is based on analysis of past data. That is why it is also known as historical volatility. The allocation of assets in a stock or fund in the past may be entirely different from the situation today. Therefore, past performance would not be a suitable indicator of future performance. In this case several external factors would have to be considered and standard deviation may fail to give desired results. Standard deviation does not give information about the current debt structure of the company. It does not take into account the recent changes. For example, a certain company may have an average debt of 30% of the total capital structure over the past 20 years but suddenly over the past year the company has taken a large amount of debt which has take it to 60%. This would have an impact on the financial condition of the company and stockholders are bound to suffer. However, a standard deviation would still show a decent amount of volatility in accordance with previous debt structure. This leads us to the interpretation that standard deviation alone should never be used as a risk indicator. Many analysts believe that standard deviation is a measure of volatility and not of risk. This has to do with the fact that risk means different things for different people. For some investors, risk implies losing all of their investment, for others a negative return

The issue of prostitution Essay Example for Free

The issue of prostitution Essay The issue of prostitution is usually treated and represented in two different ways – the adherents of traditional values unambiguously label this phenomenon as appalling vice that is in full discord with normal, let alone pious, life. They point out at the results the oldest profession produces on an individual who gives or gets that service, and on a society with all its moral principles, ethical standards, requirements and taboos. Sexually transmitted diseases, human trafficking, slavery, personal degradation and other by-products of prostitution are quite strong arguments for its prohibition or, at least, severe limitation. The second approach is liberal-like, it posits the legitimacy of prostitution appealing to the freedom of choice, pluralism, natural needs and even the inevitability of eradicating this kind of service. It is often said that women choose that occupation themselves, and men are not forced to visit them – everything is based on the free will of both parties, and the others, those who are not envolved in it, should not have any concerns for that. Nickie Roberts, for instance, writes that â€Å"it is implicit in the demand that the women have control over their own bodies that they also have their rights to sell their own sexual services, if they wish to† (qtd. in Jeffreys 129-130). Claiming to support freedom, such a position in fact justifies prostitution with the help of liberal, pluralistic rhetoric, and it does not seem to be sincere as it predominantly focuses on the apology of prostitution after general introductory declarations about freedom, choice etc. Thus, the prevailing argument in a pro-prostitution discourse is â€Å"choice†. Let us have a more careful look at the sphere of â€Å"sexual services† (ibid. ). Do all those women really appeared in that position completely voluntarily, or maybe they have been dreaming of that profession since their childhood and their dreams have successfully come true? I guess the 15-year-old girl from New York was not intending to be advertised on Craigslist for prostitution in Maryland, she was going to Montgomery County â€Å"for a modeling photo shoot† (Morse). There cannot be seen any free choice in Jasmine Caldwell’s returning to the street after escaping her pimp and being abused by a policemen as well (Kristof). And how many other adult and especially juvenile females are decoyed or forced into prostitution? They are not able to exercise their right to leave that sphere and lifestyle. These victims are the main imputation against justifying the sphere of sexual services. Some people regard any woman as a potential prostitute, e. g. in Schopenhauer’s Studies in Pessimism we may read – in the chapter â€Å"On women† – the statements like â€Å"it is also revolting that she [a woman] should spend her husband’s money with her paramours – the money for which he toiled his whole life long, in the consoling belief that he was providing for his children† and other ones emphasizing the base intentions and motives of the women (62-75). Although such statements are grounded on his experience, such generalizations are unfair, and they insult the dominant majority of women. The inevitability of prostitution, the fact that â€Å"street sweeps do not reduce prostitution† (Petrocelli), the legalization of brothels in Nevada (Powers) are not a reason to stop limiting and struggling with this detestable phenomenon of our life. It is far from being â€Å"victimless† (Goldman 92) and even those who are willingly engaged in such services do not feel safe as their basic rights are being constantly infringed (Slayton). Prostitution is a serious deviation from the natural demands and needs of women, it deprives them of matrimony, they do not experience the happiness of maternity, they are even bereft of a chance to be independent singles making real free choice at every moment of their life – what to do, where to go, when to have free time and the like. Beyond prostitution, a woman faces a prospect of multifarious lifestyles, manifold occupations and hobbies, various possibilities. Direct opposite is the life in the street – a dull, routine slavery that destroys both body and soul, and inflicts harm to the people around. Works Cited Goldman, Mimi. â€Å"Prostitution in America. † Crime and Social Justice 2 (1974): 90-93. Jeffreys, Sheila. The Idea of Prostitution. Melbourne: Spinifex, 2009. Kristof, Nicholas D. â€Å"Girls on our streets. † The New York Times. 6 May 2009. Web. 9 May 2010. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/05/07/opinion/07kristof. html? _r=1. Morse, Dan. â€Å"Montgomery police arrest three in human trafficking, prostitution cases. † The Washington Post. 2 March 2010. Web. 9 May 2010. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/crime-scene/montgomery/montgomery-police-three-human. html. Petrocelli, Joseph. â€Å"Street prostitution. † Police Magazine. 1 February 2009. Web. 9 May 2010. http://www. policemag. com/Channel/Patrol/Articles/2009/02/Street-Prostitution. aspx . Powers, Ashley. â€Å"Male prostitution is Nevada’s newest legal profession. † Los Angeles Times. 6 January 2010. Web. 9 May 2010. http://articles. latimes. com/2010/jan/06/nation/la-na-male-prostitutes6-2010jan06. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Studies in Pessimism. Trans. Bailey Saunders. New York: Cosimo, 2007. Slayton, Philip. â€Å"A trial in error? Why should a Toronto court decide Canada’s prostitution laws? † Macleans. 24 December 2009. Web. 9 May 2010. http://www2. macleans. ca/tag/prostitution-laws/ .

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices I. INTRODUCTION Spectrophotometry Infrared Spectrophotometry is designed to identify or determine the sample by measuring absorption of infrared radiation of wave numbers in a region of 4,000 to 400 cm-1, at various wave numbers, when it passes through the sample. This method uses the property that the infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is Characteristic of its chemical structure. Infrared spectra are shown in charts drawn by plotting the wave numbers on the abscissa and the transmittances or absorbances on the ordinate. i. Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption measurement. Perhaps the most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurement of light absorption, but they can be designed to measure diffuse or specular reflectance. The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. [2] They are widely used in many industries including printing and forensic examination. ii. Design There are two major classes of devices: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths, one path containing a reference sample and the other the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. Although comparison measurements from double beam instruments are easier and more stable, single beam instruments can have a larger dynamic range and are optically simpler and more compact. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum. There are also spectrophotometers that use arrays of photosensors. Especially for infrared spectrophotometers, there are spectrophotometers that use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral information quicker in a technique called Fourier Transform Infrared The spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution. Light from the source lamp is passed through a monochromator, which diffracts the light into a rainbow of wavelengths and outputs narrow bandwidths of this diffracted spectrum. Discrete frequencies are transmitted through the test sample. Then the intensity of the transmitted light is measured with a photodiode or other light sensor, and the transmittance value for this wavelength is then compared with the transmission through a reference sample. In short, the sequence of events in a spectrophotometer is as follows: The light source shines into a monochromator. A particular output wavelength is selected and beamed at the sample. The sample absorbs light. Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as zeroing. The absorbency of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbencies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial zeroed substance. The spectrophotometer then displays% absorbency (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).[2] II. UV IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY i. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry The most common spectrophotometers are used in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum and some of these instruments also operate into the near-infrared region as well. Visible region 400-700nm spectrophotometry is used extensively in colorimetry science. Ink manufacturers, printing companies, textiles vendors, and many more, need the data provided through colorimetry. They take readings in the region of every 10-20 nanometers along the visible region, and produce a spectral reflectance curve or a data stream for alternative presentations. These curves can be used to test a new batch of colorant to check if it makes a match to specifications e.g., iso printing standards. Traditional visual region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make it difficult to manage color issues if for example one or more of the printing inks is fluorescent. Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for visual spectrum spectrophotometers, d/8 (spherical) and 0/45. The names are due to the geometry of the light source, observer and interior of the measurement chamber. Scientists use this machine to measure the amount of compounds in a sample. If the compound is more concentrated more light will be absorbed by the sample; within small ranges, the Beer-Lambert law holds and the absorbance between samples vary with concentration linearly. In the case of printing measurements two alternative settings are commonly used- without/with UV filter to control better the effect of UV brighteners within the paper stock. Samples are usually prepared in cuvettes; depending on the region of interest, they may be constructed of glass, plastic, or quartz ii. IR spectrophotometry Spectrophotometers designed for the main infrared region are quite different because of the technical requirements of measurement in that region. One major factor is the type of photosensors that are available for different spectral regions, but infrared measurement is also challenging because virtually everything emits IR light as thermal radiation, especially at wavelengths beyond about 5ÃŽ ¼m. Another complication is that quite a few materials such as glass and plastic absorb infrared light, making it incompatible as an optical medium. Ideal optical materials are salts, which do not absorb strongly. Samples for IR spectrophotometry may be smeared between two discs of potassium bromide or ground with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet. Where aqueous solutions are to be measured, insoluble silver chloride is used to construct the cell. III. INFRARED Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 700nm and 300Â µm, which equates to a frequency range between 1THz and 430THz—a span of more than three orders of magnitude. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of about 1kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared light, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet light. The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into three parts: Far-infrared, from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 30 THz (10 ÃŽ ¼m). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in the Earths atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere effectively opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges (windows) within the opaque range which allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 ÃŽ ¼m up to a few mm is often referred to as sub-millimeter in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 ÃŽ ¼m. Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range. It is absorbed by molecular Vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound. Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500 to 750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light.[4] IV. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, the most common being a form of absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition. Infrared spectroscopy correlation tables are tabulated in the literature. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is an infrared spectrophotometer. i. Background and theory The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, approximately 400-10cm−1 (1000-30ÃŽ ¼m), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000-400cm−1 (30-2.5ÃŽ ¼m) may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure. The higher energy near-IR, approximately 14000-4000cm−1 (2.5-0.8ÃŽ ¼m) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations. The names and classifications of these subregions are merely conventions. They are neither strict divisions nor based on exact molecular or electromagnetic properties. Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). These resonant frequencies are determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the masses of the atoms and, by the associated vibronic coupling. In order for a vibrational mode in a molecule to be IR active, it must be associated with changes in the permanent dipole. In particular, in the Born-Oppenheimer and harmonic approximations, i.e. when the molecular Hamiltonian corresponding to the electronic ground state can be approximated by a harmonic oscillator in the neighborhood of the equilibrium molecular geometry, the resonant frequencies are determined by the normal modes corresponding to the molecular electronic ground state potential energy surface. Nevertheless, the resonant frequencies can be in a first approach related to the strength of the bond, and the mass of the atoms at either end of it. Thus, the frequency of the vibrations can be associated with a particular bond type. Simple diatomic molecules have only one bond, which may stretch. More complex molecules have many bonds, and vibrations can be conjugated, leading to infrared absorptions at characteristic frequencies that may be related to chemical groups. For example, the atoms in a CH2 group, commonly found in organic compounds can vibrate in six different ways: symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting: The infrared spectrum of a sample is collected by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each wavelength. This can be done with a monochromatic beam, which changes in wavelength over time, or by using a Fourier transform instrument to measure all wavelengths at once. From this, a transmittance or absorbance spectrum can be produced, showing at which IR wavelengths the sample absorbs. Analysis of these absorption characteristics reveals details about the molecular structure of the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond, absorption occurs. This technique works almost exclusively on samples with covalent bonds. Simple spectra are obtained from samples with few IR active bonds and high levels of purity. More complex molecular structures lead to more absorption bands and more complex spectra. The technique has been used for the characterization of very complex mixtures. ii. Adjustment and Instrument Use a dispersive infrared spectrophotometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. Before using the infrared spectrophotometer, adjust it as specified in the operating manual. The linearity of the absorbance between 20% and 80% of transmittance (%) should be within 1%. The reproducibility of the transmittance should be within 0.5% in two consecutive measurements. The reproducibility of wave number should be within 5 cm-1 at about 3,000 cm-1 and within 1 cm-1 at About 1,000 cm-1. In addition, adjust the instrument so that a spectrum exhibits absorptions at the wave numbers as indicated in the following figure when measurement is made on a polystyrene film (about 0.03 mm thick).[5] iii. Preparation of Sample According to an appropriate one of the methods below,Prepare the sample so that the transmittance of the most intense absorption bands should be within a range of 20 to 80%. For the optic plate, use sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or thallium iodide bromide. Potassium Bromide Disk Method Place 1 to 2 mg of a solid sample and 100 to 200 mg of dried potassium bromide for infrared spectrophotometry into an Agate mortar, quickly reduce to fine particles protecting from moisture, mix Completely, and transfer into a die. Press the surface of the disk at 500 to 1,000 N/cm2 under reduced pressure of not more than 0.7 kPa for 5 to 8 minutes, and use this disk for the measurement. Solution Method Prepare a solution of the solid or liquid sample in the Specified solvent, inject the solution into a fixed cell for liquid, and use this cell for the measurement. Place the similar cell containing the same solvent for the Compensation beam. The thickness of the fixed cell is generally 0.1 mm or 0.5 mm. Paste Method Crush finely a solid sample and knead well with liquid Paraffin in the mortar. Hold the paste between two optic plates without any air gap, and measure. Liquid Film Method Hold 1 to 2 drops of liquid sample as a capillary film Held between two optic plates, and measure the liquid layer between the plates. If it is necessary to thicken the liquid layer, place rings of aluminum foil or a similar material between the two optic plates so that the liquid sample lies between the plates. Thin Film Method Dissolve the sample in the specified solvent, and apply it to one optic plate. Evaporate the solvent by drying with hot air, and measure the thin film adhered on the plate. If the sample is a film with a thickness of not more than 0.02 mm, measure the film just as it is. Gas Sample Measurement Put the sample gas in a gas cell with a light Path of 5 to 10 cm in length, previously evacuated, under pressure specified in the individual monograph, and measure. A long cell with the light path of not shorter than 1 m is also used if necessary. iv. Conventional method A beam of infrared light is produced and split into two separate beams. One is passed through the sample, the other passed through a reference which is often the substance the sample is dissolved in. The beams are both reflected back towards a detector, however first they pass through a splitter which quickly alternates which of the two beams enters the detector. The two signals are then compared and a printout is obtained. A reference is used for two reasons: This prevents fluctuations in the output of the source affecting the data This allows the effects of the solvent to be cancelled out (the reference is usually a pure form of the solvent the sample is in) v. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. Instead of recording the amount of energy absorbed when the frequency of the infra-red light is varied (monochromator), the IR light is guided through an interferometer. After passing through the sample, the measured signal is the interferogram. Performing a Fourier transform on this signal data results in a spectrum identical to that from conventional (dispersive) infrared spectroscopy. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers because building an interferometer is easier than the fabrication of a monochromator. In addition, measurement of a single spectrum is faster for the FTIR technique because the information at all frequencies is collected simultaneously. This allows multiple samples to be collected and averaged together resulting in an improvement in sensitivity. Virtually all modern infrared spectrometers are FTIR instruments. Summary of absorptions of bonds in organic molecules vi. Uses and applications Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control and dynamic measurement. It is of especial use in forensic analysis in both criminal and civil cases, enabling identification of polymer degradation for example. It is perhaps the most widely used method of applied spectroscopy.[citation needed] The instruments are now small, and can be transported, even for use in field trials. With increasing technology in computer filtering and manipulation of the results, samples in solution can now be measured accurately (water produces a broad absorbance across the range of interest, and thus renders the spectra unreadable without this computer treatment). Some instruments will also automatically tell you what substance is being measured from a store of thousands of reference spectra held in storage. By measuring at a specific frequency over time, changes in the character or quantity of a particular bond can be measured. This is especially useful in measuring the degree of polymerization in polymer manufacture. Modern research instruments can take infrared measurements across the whole range of interest as frequently as 32 times a second. This can be done whilst simultaneous measurements are made using other techniques. This makes the observations of chemical reactions and processes quicker and more accurate. Techniques have been developed to assess the quality of tea-leaves using infrared spectroscopy. This will mean that highly trained experts (also called noses) can be used more sparingly, at a significant cost saving. Infrared spectroscopy has been highly successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Infrared spectroscopy has also been successfully utilized in the field of semiconductor microelectronics[8]: for example, infrared spectroscopy can be applied to semiconductors like silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, etc. V. USES IN ORGANIC A technique to identify materials including organic polymers. An infrared spectrometer directs infrared radiation through a sample and records the relative amount of energy absorbed by the sample as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the infrared radiation. The method is applicable particularly to organic materials, because the vibrational frequencies of the constituent groups within the molecules coincide with the electromagnetic frequencies of the infrared radiation. Therefore, the infrared radiation is selectively absorbed by the material to produce an absorption spectrum. The spectrum produced is compared with correlation spectra from known substances. VI. SPECTRORADIOMETERS Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants in order to evaluate and categorize lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within their specifications. Components: The light source shines onto or through the sample. The sample transmits or reflects light. The detector detects how much light was reflected from or transmitted through the sample. The detector then converts how much light the sample transmitted or reflected into a number. CONCLUSION In this topic which is infrared spectrophotometry I have introduced what is spectrophotometry. And it is used in a device called spectrophotometer which is explained in the above thesis. Followed on single beam spectrophotometer is also explained with its design working. Spectrophotometry is generally of two types UV IR spectrophotometry, UV spectrophotometry is explained in short but IR spectrophotometry is explained briefly. The word INFRARED is explained i.e. what it means, infrared region is explained in EM radiation. In EM spectrum there comes a topic infrared spectroscopy which is explained briefly with its background theory. Its preparation of sample followed by conventional method of it. There is other phenomenon called FITR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers. Uses application is also explained in the above thesis. At last but not the least its use in organic is explained. The idea of Spectroradiometers is also given, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers. This is end of the conclusion of my thesis infrared spectrophotometry.

Computer Crime Essay -- Technology

ABSTRACT Billions of dollars in losses have already been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected. Trillions will be stolen, most without detection, by the emerging master criminal of the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, "crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions" (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has really no laws to govern it. A law is formal norms that are enforced, norms being established rules of behavior. Many of the crimes committed on computers often times go unpunished. As stated by David Pitch ford in the London journal Focus when writing on pornography on the Internet, " the only way illegal pornographers can be caught is through chance leads, tip-offs and telephone tracing" (Focus 1995; p10-12). Many of the crimes that are also committed on computers via the Internet are very new also. New subcultures have formed around the Internet for the possibilities it brings. Computer crime despite the many problems it has brought has also brought some needed social controls to the Internet and as stated befo re some laws have been formed to protect many of the institutions that because of computer crime have become targets for criminals. CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL REVIEW Now that we have briefly explained computer crime, let's go into further depth into explaining computer crime from the different sociological perspective theories. Many of those th... ...world starts the work as one to control the Internet and those that abuse its power and seek to take what is not theirs. Yet, the technologies are very new and they're very vulnerable, we in going to be in a messy situation for a while. In my view point hacking and computer crime will be with us for as long as we have the Internet. It is our role to keep the balance between what is a crime and what is done for pure enjoyment. Luckily, the government is making an effort to control the Internet. Yet, true control over the Internet is impossible, because the reasons the Internet was created. This is why families and the institution of education of is needed, parents need to let their children know what is okay to do on the computer and what is not and to educate them on the repercussions of their actions should they choose to become part of the subculture of hackers.

Offer and Acceptance Essay

For this case the major issue is whether a valid contract is made between Tina and Yatie, and whether the the offer by Yatie was revoked or not. According to (Miller & Jentz, 2010) every contract will involve atleast two parties. That is the offeror and the offeree. The offerer is the party who makes the offer, and the offeree is the person to whom the offer is made to. OFFER As per (Clarkson, Miller, Jentz, & Cross, 2009) an offer is a promise or commitment to do or not to do a certain thing. And there are three elements for an effective offer to be legally bounding from the common law. They are: the intention must be serious, its terms should be definite, and must be communicated to the oferee. In this case Yatie sends the offer letter proposing to supply hancrafts to Tina. The offer clearly satisfies these elements. Firstly it is evident that Yatie’s serious intention as she requested a written acceptance from Tina, as an objective aproach. If we look in to the case of Lucy v. Zehmer, 196 Va. 493; 84 S.E.2d 516 [1954], the parties signed a document which was for the sale of land and it was binding. Similarly in this case the intention to create legal relations is evident from the Yaties request to Tina to send a written acceptance. Secondly it has clear terms (to supply handcrafts) of what they are going to do. The offer from Yatie was clear in this case, and unlike in the case of Ahmad Meah & Anor v. Nacodah Merican [1890] 4 Ky 583 where offer was too vague. And for the last element, the communication of the offer was complete when it was received by Tina (the intended party) on 4th September 2011 and when it becomed knowledge to Tina, in line with the section 4(1) of the Contracts Act 1950: Act 136 (CA) So the offer by Yatie was complete. ACCEPTANCE Looking into the acceptance, Tina’s acceptance was communicated by her staff Anis. Acceptance is the voluntary agreement to the terms of the offer by the offeree (Clarkson, Miller, Jentz, & Cross, 2009). As Tina requested her staff Anis (an agent for Tina while Tina is the principal) to noitify her acceptance of the offer to Yatie. According to (Schneeman, 2010) because of the fiduciary relationship between the agent and the principal, the agent can act on behalf of the principal. If Anis accepted the offer as in the case of Powell v Lee [1908] 99 LT 284, then the acceptance will be held as not communicated. But in this case Anis was given actual authority from Tina by granting expressly verbally to accept the proposal of Yatie by asking to fax the acceptance. When Anis telephoned on 7th September 2011 to Yatie’s office to confirm the acceptance, that is also acceptance enough, as in the case of Tinn v Hoffman [1873] 29 LT 271 the ruling was although a writen acceptance is requested, other methods such as telegram and verbal messeges can be used as means of acceptance. Even in the case of Adams v Lindsell [1818] EWHC KB J59 it was held that that the acceptance was communicated although the acceptance letter got misdirected and delayed. Therefore Tina’s acceptance will be effective on 6th September 2011. When Anis posted the letter on 6th September 2011, the acceptance was completed; as from that moment onwards the control of delivering the message is out of control by Anis on behalf of Tina. Section 4(2)(a) of CA affirms so for the acceptor. And according to (Miller & Jentz, 2010) for such situations the ‘mail box rule’, which is also reffered to as the ‘postal rule’ or the ‘deposited acceptance rule’ will apply. And this rule was formed to avoid the confusion of situations similar to this case of Tina and Yatie. CONSIDERATION Consideration is the reason for the promise. And if there is no consideration in an agreement, the contract would be void as per Section 26 of CA. In this case Tina commited to receive Yatie’s offer of handicrafts supply, and the commitment is consideration enough as per Section 2(d) of CA. Yatie will expect Tina to complete her transaction. And with Tina’s acceptance, her commitment will probably have affected her other business activities, and she also probably have rejected other business opportunities and offers due to her commitment to Yatie. So the consideration has passed between Yatie and Tina. REVOCATION When the revocation of the offer is sent the acceptance is already posted. And the outcome is that the revocation by the offoror will only be effective when the revocation becomes knowledge to the offeree. But when the oferee dispatches the acceptance, it will instantly be effective. The case of Byrne v Van Tienhoven [1880] 5 CPD 344 illustrates the acceptance & revocation of the offer by postal rule. In that case the facts are that the revocation of the offer will only be communicated when the offeree receive it. And not on the date the offeror posts the revocation. Section 4(2)(b) of CA gives the condition that the offerors revocation will only be completed when the intended party is aware about it. And for the revocation SMS on 8th September 2011 by Yatie would not apply, as it was sent after the acceptance by Tina which was on the 6th September 2011. For example even if the Yatie’s SMS was sent before the acceptance, the revocation will still not be effective because as per the section 4(2)(b) of CA. But if we look into the case of Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155, the postal rule was overruled, since the defendant had specified to give the acceptance notice in writing before a certain deadline and was held that the offeror should actually receive it. Based on this ground, Yatie can claim that she had specified the acceptance to be given in writing and she did not actually receive the acceptance. But if we look into the section 5 (3) of the CA, a proposal may be revoked at any time before the communication of its acceptance, and is complete as against the proposer, but not afterwards. And thus the above said case (Holwell v Hughes) is overruled by the contracts Act. And in this case offer, acceptance and consideration were complete. And revocation by Yatie was not complete since Tina did not receive it before her acceptance. So, looking in to the facts, its highly probable for a valid promise to exist between Yatie and Tina.